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A developmental psychologist designs an empirical study to evaluate how different methodological factors influence participation. In Group 1, the researcher administers a 15-minute online survey, sends an advance email notification, and issues weekly follow-up reminders, obtaining a 40% response rate. In Group 2, the researcher holds the administration mode, advance notification, follow-up reminders, and questionnaire length identical to Group 1, but additionally offers a small, $5 gift card to all participants, resulting in a 52% response rate. By systematically holding all other variables constant across both groups, the researcher's comparative design isolates the 12% difference in participation specifically to the addition of a(n) _________.

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Updated 2026-06-07

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Research Methods in Psychology - 4th American Edition @ KPU

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