When conceptualizing a dependent-samples $t$-test as a one-sample $t$-test, arrange the statistical steps in the correct order to illustrate how the paired data is processed.

A researcher conducts a study where the same 20 participants complete a cognitive task both before and after drinking a cup of coffee. To analyze the data, the researcher decides to conceptualize the dependent-samples $t$-test as a one-sample $t$-test. Which of the following steps correctly applies this conceptualization?

Match each component of a psychological study's statistical analysis to its specific role when conceptualizing a dependent-samples $t$-test as a one-sample $t$-test.

A researcher argues that a dependent-samples $t$-test is a unique procedure that cannot be conceptually reduced to a one-sample $t$-test because the former involves two separate sets of measurements while the latter only involves one. This researcher's argument is statistically valid.

In the conceptualization of a dependent-samples $t$-test as a one-sample $t$-test, what is the 'critical step' that links the two statistical procedures?

When conceptualizing a dependent-samples $t$-test as a one-sample $t$-test, the population mean of $0$ is used as a baseline to represent the expectation that no overall change or effect occurred between the two measured conditions.

When conceptualizing the dependent-samples $t$-test as a one-sample $t$-test on difference scores, the sample mean difference is evaluated against a hypothetical population mean ($\mu_0$) of _____.

A researcher measures self-reported stress levels (0–100 scale) in 10 college students one week before and one week after a mindfulness workshop. She plans to conceptualize her dependent-samples $t$-test as a one-sample $t$-test. Match each element of her study to its corresponding role in this conceptualization.

In a dependent-samples $t$-test reframed as a one-sample $t$-test, the null hypothesis specifies $\mu_0 = 0$ because, if the two conditions truly have no differential effect on participants, the positive and negative difference scores in the population are expected to _____, producing a population mean difference of exactly zero.

A peer reviewer is evaluating whether a researcher correctly applied a dependent-samples $t$-test by conceptualizing it as a one-sample $t$-test on difference scores. Arrange the reviewer's evaluative checks in the order they should logically be performed.

Explain the critical mathematical step that links a dependent-samples $t$-test to a one-sample $t$-test, and specify the baseline value of the hypothetical population mean ($\mu_0$) against which the difference scores are evaluated.

Based on the researcher's approach, explain how the dependent-samples design is being conceptualized as a one-sample $t$-test. Specifically, explain what happens to the paired data structure and what the null hypothesis expectation of a population mean ($\mu_0$) of $0$ represents in the context of this meditation study.

A cognitive researcher measures reaction times of 12 participants during a baseline task and a distracted task. To analyze the data using a one-sample $t$-test framework, what initial data transformation must the researcher apply to the two sets of reaction times, and what specific hypothetical population mean ($\mu_0$) will the resulting mean difference be compared against?