Example

A Source Can Be Retracted After a Review Uses It

A paper reports research; a journal publishes papers; a review gathers earlier studies. A citation points to a source; publication date marks public release. Graña Possamai and colleagues (online March 31, 2025) examined reviews published January 2013–April 2024 in 25 high-impact general/internal-medicine journals. Selection required numerical combinations of study results including a retracted study. Of 61 identified reviews, 11 already republished, retracted or withdrawn were excluded; 50 were analyzed. In 37 of those 50 reviews, a source’s retraction followed review publication. Source status at review publication can therefore differ from current status. This affected-only sample cannot show how common the problem is among all reviews. Later retraction alone does not make every review conclusion false.

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Updated 2026-11-09

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