A student is taking a final exam and comes across a question about a specific historical date. They feel a strong sense of familiarity, are certain they studied this exact date, and can even remember the page in the textbook where they saw it. However, they cannot recall the actual date itself. According to the information processing framework of memory, which process is most likely failing in this scenario?

A student is preparing for an exam. They first read their textbook chapter, creating summary notes. A week later, they take the exam and successfully answer a question based on the material they studied. Which option correctly breaks down this scenario into the three fundamental stages of memory?