A young child, Alex, is told that if he cleans his room, he will get to watch his favorite cartoon. Alex dislikes cleaning but decides to do it so he can get the reward. Which of the following statements best explains the type of moral reasoning Alex is demonstrating?

A five-year-old child named Sam is told by a parent to clean up their toys. Sam initially refuses, but then the parent says, 'If you clean up your toys, you can have a cookie for dessert.' Sam immediately starts cleaning. Based on this interaction, Sam's decision to clean is primarily motivated by which of the following?