An aldose is a monosaccharide that contains a carbonyl group at the terminal position (end) of its carbon chain. An example is the three-carbon sugar glyceraldehyde.

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Monosaccharides, or simple sugars, are the simplest carbohydrates and serve as the building blocks for complex carbohydrates. They are classified by the number of carbon atoms in the molecule using a prefix for the carbon count and the suffix -ose, such as three-carbon trioses (e.g., glyceraldehyde), five-carbon pentoses (e.g., ribose), and six-carbon hexoses (e.g., glucose).

Monosaccharides

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Aldoses

A ketose is a monosaccharide that contains a carbonyl group at an internal position within its carbon chain. An example is the three-carbon sugar dihydroxyacetone.

Ketoses

Monosaccharides containing four or more carbon atoms typically adopt cyclic or ring structures in their stable state. This structure forms through a chemical reaction between the carbonyl group and a distant hydroxyl group on opposite ends of the flexible carbon chain.

Cyclization of Monosaccharides

N-acetyl glucosamine (NAG) is a modified glucose molecule that acts as a fundamental subunit in structural polysaccharides, including chitin in fungal cell walls and insect exoskeletons, as well as peptidoglycan in bacterial cell walls.

N-acetyl glucosamine (NAG)

N-acetyl muramic acid (NAM) is a modified glucose molecule that functions as a structural building block in bacterial cell wall peptidoglycan.

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