Effron and Raj conducted four experiments to test how repeatedly encountering a fake-news headline affected one's perception of how ethical it would be to propagate. NOTE: In experiments 1-3, subjects were warned that all of the headlines they would see were false. 

Studies relating to Misinformation and Morality Judgements

Repetition can also impact moral judgements when it comes to condemning fake-news headlines. According to a study by Effron and Raj (containing 4 experiments), encountering a fake-news headline multiple times can make it seem less unethical to share, even when the subject knows the headlines is false. 

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A person is more likely to believe an information is true, if it's been seen multiple times (Bacon, 1979; Begg et al., 1992; Hasher, Goldstein, & Top¬pino, 1977; for a review see Dechêne et al., 2010).

Repetition-based truth-effect

Effron, D. A., &amp; Raj, M. (2019). Misinformation and Morality: Encountering Fake-News Headlines Makes Them Seem Less Unethical to Publish and Share. Psychological Science, 31(1), 75–87. https://doi.org/10.1177/0956797619887896 

Misinformation and Morality: Encountering Fake-News Headlines Makes Them Seem Less Unethical to Publish and Share

An Extension of the Effect of Repetition: Misinformation and Moral Judgements

According to Pillai, Brown-Schmidt, and Fazio, repeating false information in order to fact check it does not actually cause increased belief in the misinformation that is being debunked, as long as it is explicitly stated as false.

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