The virus attaches to the specific host cell receptor within specific tissues of the host using tissue tropism.

Attachment of Animal Viruses

The viral RNA enters the nucleus where replication occurs by the viral RNA polymerase. 

Nucleic acid biosynthesis of Animal Viruses

The virus penetrates the cell through endocytosis where the virus is swallowed by the host cell this allows the fusion and uncoating of the viral RNA to be released through biosynthesis.

Penetration of Animal Viruses

The viral mRNA is assembled to produce viral proteins. 

Maturation of Animal Viruses

The viral particles are relased in to the extraceullar environement from the host cell which is not destroyed in the process so that it can continue making new viral particles for infection. 

Release of Animal Viruses

Lytic animal viruses follow similar infection stages to bacteriophages: attachment, penetration, biosynthesis, maturation, and release But the mechanisms of penetration, nucleic-acid biosynthesis, and release differ from bacterial viruses in that animal viruses enter through endocytosis, and utilize tissue tropism

University of Southern Mississippi

Animal viruses have diversity in their genetic material it is not always double-stranded DNA due to this genetic didiversityt makes it harder to understand viruses and how we can specifically treat and target them without harming the host. Animal viruses are classified into 7 distinctions:

- Enveloped dsDNA
- Naked dsDNA
- Naked ssDNA
- Naked dsRNA
-  Naked +ssRNA
- Enveloped +ssRNA
- Enveloped -ssRNA

Animal Viruses Genetic Material Classification

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Microbiology covers the scope and sequence requirements for a single-semester microbiology course for non-majors. The book presents the core concepts of microbiology with a focus on applications for careers in allied health. The pedagogical features of the text make the material interesting and accessible while maintaining the career-application focus and scientific rigor inherent in the subject matter. Microbiology’s art program enhances students’ understanding of concepts through clear and effective illustrations, diagrams, and photographs.

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Double stranded DNA with a lipid layer in the capsid some examples include Simplexvirus and Parapoxvirus

Enveloped dsDNA

Double stranded DNA without envelope some examples include Papillomavirus and Reovirus

Naked dsDNA

Single-stranded DNA without envelope some examples include Adeno-associated dependoparvovirus A and B

Naked ssDNA

Double stranded RNA without envelope some examples include Rotavirus.

Naked dsRNA

Single stranded non-enveloped RNA that can be directly translated in to proteins some examples include Rhinovirus, Hepatovirus

Naked +ssRNA

Single stranded enveloped RNA that can be directly translated in to proteins some examples include Alphavirus, Rubivirus, Lentivirus.

Enveloped +ssRNA

Single stranded RNA that cannot translate RNA into proteins directly must have an antigenome for replication some examples include Influenzavirus A, B, C, Zaire Ebolavirus

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