The bacteria produces two toxins: C. difficile toxin A (TcdA) and C. difficle toxin B (TcdB) which inactivate GTP-binding proteins. This inactivation causes actin condensation, cell rounding, and eventually cell death.

University of Notre Dame

Clostridium difficile bacteria is gram-positive, rod-shaped, and part of the normal microbiota of the body. Disruption of the normal microbiota causes overgrowths of the bacteria. Bacteria can survive for extended periods.

Antibiotic-associated Diarrhea Caused by C. difficile

OpenStax Concepts of Biology provides the necessary breadth and depth for core Biology concepts.

Link: https://openstax.org/details/books/concepts-biology/

OpenStax Biology 2nd Edition

https://openstax.org/details/books/microbiology/

Microbiology covers the scope and sequence requirements for a single-semester microbiology course for non-majors. The book presents the core concepts of microbiology with a focus on applications for careers in allied health. The pedagogical features of the text make the material interesting and accessible while maintaining the career-application focus and scientific rigor inherent in the subject matter. Microbiology’s art program enhances students’ understanding of concepts through clear and effective illustrations, diagrams, and photographs.

Microbiology is produced through a collaborative publishing agreement between OpenStax and the American Society for Microbiology Press. The book aligns with the curriculum guidelines of the American Society for Microbiology.

OpenStax Microbiology Textbook

Signs and symptoms include watery diarrhea, abdominal pain, fever, loss of appetite, and dehydration. Other complications include colon perforation, necrotizing enterocolitis, neutropenic enterocolitis, and pseudomembranous colitis.

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