Previous work has been done to develop L3 vaccines that can be used in canines, therefore there is existent research of larval antigens that induce a primary immune response. The development of hookworm vaccines depends on the eradication of both the larval and adult stages of the hookworm. An antigen discovery program has been established to isolate macromolecules that are used by adult hookworms to feed on human blood and ensure their survival.