Vicarious Punishment: Makeup and Time-Out Example

At a skate park, a teenager watches an experienced skateboarder attempt a difficult trick, fall, and sprain their ankle. The teenager, who was planning to try the same trick, decides to practice a simpler maneuver instead. The teenager's decision to avoid the difficult trick is a direct result of which phenomenon?

A teenager watches a popular social media influencer post a video of a risky public prank. A few hours later, the influencer posts a follow-up video apologizing, explaining they have been fined by the police and have lost a major brand sponsorship. The teenager, who had initially thought about copying the prank, decides it's a bad idea. The teenager's change in motivation is a direct result of which phenomenon?