Pre- and post tests were developed for each lesson (mathematics and social studies) to assess any change in academic performance associated with the teaching condition. There were two versions for each and each contained multiple-choice, fill-in-the-blank, and short-answer questions that were based on the texts and accompanying materials for the lessons established by the curriculum guide. One week before a particular lesson, the appropriate pretest was administered to the class by the teacher. Before the initiation of each lesson, a video camera positioned in a corner of the room was turned on and remained on for the class as it recorded the activities of the whole class and subsequently allowed the coding of teacher-student attunement as a manipulation check for the attuned teaching condition. Then the appropriate posttest was administered 3-5 days after the lesson by the same teacher.