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Attunement Reference 

Some teachers seem to promote moments of attunement in the classroom effortlessly, and these moments flow seamlessly in the class. Here are just some of the traits seen in teachers who attune with their students:
- They recognize that learning is not solely a cognitive activity.
- They create opportunities for free emotional expression.
- They vary activities in the classroom to find a balance between emotional and cognitive involvement with the materials. 
- They are sensitive to individual students regarding their readiness to learn and their emotional temperament and relational needs. Some students do not learn well in relationships. 


Attunement in Teaching

The effect of teacher-student attunement on the academic performance of students with and without learning disabilities was examined. Each grade 4 student (24 with learning disabilities and 24 without, but matched on age and gender) was systematically exposed to 2 teaching approaches- attuned vs. nonattuned (traditional) at different times using different academic contents (math and social studies). The results showed that the attuned teaching resulted in significantly more teacher-student attunement than did the nonattuned condition. The attuned teaching condition significantly improved academic performance over nonattuned teaching. 

Facilitating Academic Achievement Through Affect Attunement in the Classroom

A definition of attunement “is a kinesthetic and emotional sensing of others knowing their rhythm, affect and experience by metaphorically being in their skin, and going beyond empathy to create a two-person experience of unbroken feeling connectedness by providing a reciprocal affect and/or resonating response’. 


Pace University

Achievement motivation outlines how someone is motivated to perform a task.  The two types of motivators are learning goals, in which people are motivated by the prospect of learning new information, and performance goals, in which people strive to show their competence of information.

Achievement Motivation

- Entity / Helpless orientation
- Incremental / Mastery orientation

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