Performance was measured using 4 learning indices:

1.) Total Time - total time (sec.) taken to complete a problem

2.) Initial Time - the "planning time" taken before the first move

3.) Execution Time - the time taken to complete the problem after the initial move

4.) % Correct Solutions - percentage of problems solved using the minimum number of moves

Scores were analyzed using ANOVAs and an alpha level of 0.05 was used to determine statistical significance.