Mechanism of Action. Benzodiazepine Information Coalition. (2020, October 9). https://www.benzoinfo.com/mechanism-of-action/. 

Scripps College

University of Rochester

Group of anti-anxiety drugs that increase GABA's inhibitory effect in the central nervous system, thus having a sedative effect. As such, it has been effective for controlling anxiety and helping with insomnia. 
Examples of benzodiazepines:
- Diazpam (valium)
- Xanax
- Halcion
- Ativan

Benzodiazepines to treat Anxiety

Psychopharmacology Library

Benzodiazepine mechanism of action 

National Center for Biotechnology Information (2021). PubChem Compound Summary for CID 2801, Clomipramine. Retrieved October 14, 2021 from https://pubchem.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/compound/Clomipramine.

Clomipramine (Anafranil)

National Center for Biotechnology Information (2021). PubChem Compound Summary for CID 9560989, Fluvoxamine maleate. Retrieved October 21, 2021 from https://pubchem.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/compound/Luvox.

Fluvoxamine maleate (Luvox)

National Center for Biotechnology Information (2021). PubChem Compound Summary for CID 62857, Fluoxetine hydrochloride. Retrieved October 21, 2021 from https://pubchem.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/compound/Fluoxetine-hydrochloride.

Fluoxetine hydrochloride (Prozac)

National Center for Biotechnology Information (2021). PubChem Compound Summary for CID 2771, Citalopram. Retrieved October 21, 2021 from https://pubchem.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/compound/Citalopram.

Citalopram (Celexa)

National Center for Biotechnology Information (2021). PubChem Compound Summary for CID 146570, Escitalopram. Retrieved October 21, 2021 from https://pubchem.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/compound/Escitalopram.

Escitalopram (Lexapro)

National Center for Biotechnology Information (2021). PubChem Compound Summary for CID 43815, Paroxetine. Retrieved October 21, 2021 from https://pubchem.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/compound/Paroxetine.

Paroxetine (Paxil)

National Center for Biotechnology Information (2021). PubChem Compound Summary for CID 68617, Sertraline. Retrieved October 21, 2021 from https://pubchem.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/compound/Sertraline.

Sertraline (Zoloft)

National Center for Biotechnology Information (2021). PubChem Compound Summary for CID 5656, Venlafaxine. Retrieved October 21, 2021 from https://pubchem.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/compound/Venlafaxine.

Venlafaxine (Effexor)

National Center for Biotechnology Information (2021). PubChem Compound Summary for CID 125017, Desvenlafaxine. Retrieved October 21, 2021 from https://pubchem.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/compound/Desvenlafaxine.

Desvenlafaxine (Pristiq or Khedezla)

National Center for Biotechnology Information (2021). PubChem Compound Summary for CID 60835, Duloxetine. Retrieved October 21, 2021 from https://pubchem.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/compound/Duloxetine.

Duloxetine (Cymbalta)

National Center for Biotechnology Information (2021). PubChem Compound Summary for CID 60795, Aripiprazole. Retrieved October 21, 2021 from https://pubchem.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/compound/Aripiprazole.

Aripiprazole (Abilify)

National Center for Biotechnology Information (2021). PubChem Compound Summary for CID 135398737, Clozapine. Retrieved October 21, 2021 from https://pubchem.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/compound/Clozapine.

Clozapine (Clozaril)

National Center for Biotechnology Information (2021). PubChem Compound Summary for CID 135398745, Olanzapine. Retrieved October 21, 2021 from https://pubchem.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/compound/Olanzapine.

Olanzapine (Zyprexa)

National Center for Biotechnology Information (2021). PubChem Compound Summary for CID 5281025, Seroquel. Retrieved October 21, 2021 from https://pubchem.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/compound/Seroquel.

Quetiapine fumarate (Seroquel)

National Center for Biotechnology Information (2021). PubChem Compound Summary for CID 5073, Risperidone. Retrieved October 21, 2021 from https://pubchem.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/compound/Risperidone.

Risperidone (Risperdal)

National Center for Biotechnology Information (2021). PubChem Compound Summary for CID 656685, Geodon. Retrieved October 21, 2021 from https://pubchem.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/compound/Geodon.

Ziprasidone (Geodon)

National Center for Biotechnology Information (2021). PubChem Compound Summary for CID 2726, Chlorpromazine. Retrieved October 21, 2021 from https://pubchem.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/compound/Chlorpromazine.

Chlorpromazine (Ormazine, Thorazine, or Largactil)

National Center for Biotechnology Information (2021). PubChem Compound Summary for CID 4078, Mesoridazine. Retrieved October 21, 2021 from https://pubchem.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/compound/Mesoridazine.

Mesoridazine (Serentil)

National Center for Biotechnology Information (2021). PubChem Compound Summary for CID 4748, Perphenazine. Retrieved October 21, 2021 from https://pubchem.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/compound/Perphenazine.

Perphenazine (Trilafon)

National Center for Biotechnology Information (2021). PubChem Compound Summary for CID 5452, Thioridazine. Retrieved October 21, 2021 from https://pubchem.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/compound/Thioridazine.

Thioridazine (Mellaril)

National Center for Biotechnology Information (2021). PubChem Compound Summary for CID 5566, Trifluoperazine. Retrieved October 21, 2021 from https://pubchem.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/compound/Trifluoperazine.

Trifluoperazine (Stelazine)

National Center for Biotechnology Information (2021). PubChem Compound Summary for CID 3559, Haloperidol. Retrieved October 21, 2021 from https://pubchem.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/compound/Haloperidol.

Haloperidol (Haldol)

National Center for Biotechnology Information (2021). PubChem Compound Summary for CID 3016, Diazepam. Retrieved October 21, 2021 from https://pubchem.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/compound/Diazepam.

Diazepam (Valium)

National Center for Biotechnology Information (2021). PubChem Compound Summary for CID 2118, Alprazolam. Retrieved October 21, 2021 from https://pubchem.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/compound/Alprazolam.

Alprazolam (Xanax)

National Center for Biotechnology Information (2021). PubChem Compound Summary for CID 5556, Triazolam. Retrieved October 21, 2021 from https://pubchem.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/compound/Triazolam.

Triazolam (Halcion)

Lorazepam (Ativan)

National Center for Biotechnology Information (2021). PubChem Compound Summary for CID 433294, Lithium chloride. Retrieved October 21, 2021 from https://pubchem.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/compound/Lithium-chloride.

Lithium chloride

National Center for Biotechnology Information (2021). PubChem Compound Summary for CID 2160, Amitriptyline. Retrieved October 21, 2021 from https://pubchem.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/compound/Amitriptyline.

Amitriptyline (Elavil)

National Center for Biotechnology Information (2021). PubChem Compound Summary for CID 444, Bupropion. Retrieved October 21, 2021 from https://pubchem.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/compound/Bupropion.

Bupropion (Wellbutrin)

National Center for Biotechnology Information (2021). PubChem Compound Summary for CID 4543, Nortriptyline. Retrieved October 21, 2021 from https://pubchem.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/compound/Nortriptyline.

Nortriptyline (Aventyl)

National Center for Biotechnology Information (2021). PubChem Compound Summary for CID 71478, Maprotiline hydrochloride. Retrieved October 21, 2021 from https://pubchem.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/compound/Maprotiline-hydrochloride.

Maprotiline hydrochloride (Ludiomil)

National Center for Biotechnology Information (2021). PubChem Compound Summary for CID 65327, Desipramine hydrochloride. Retrieved October 21, 2021 from https://pubchem.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/compound/Desipramine-hydrochloride.

Desipramine hydrochloride (Norpramin)

National Center for Biotechnology Information (2021). PubChem Compound Summary for CID 3759, Isocarboxazid. Retrieved October 21, 2021 from https://pubchem.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/compound/Isocarboxazid.

Isocarboxazid (Marplan)

National Center for Biotechnology Information (2021). PubChem Compound Summary for CID 3675, Phenelzine. Retrieved October 21, 2021 from https://pubchem.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/compound/Phenelzine.

Phenelzine (Nardil)

National Center for Biotechnology Information (2021). PubChem Compound Summary for CID 19493, Parnate. Retrieved October 21, 2021 from https://pubchem.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/compound/Parnate.

Tranylcypromine (Parnate)

Louie, A. K., Beresin, E. V., Coverdale, J., Balon, R., Guerrero, A. P. S., Morreale, M. K., Aggarwal, R., & Brenner, A. M.. (2020). Are Psychedelics Something New in Teaching Psychopharmacology?. Academic Psychiatry, 44(5), 511–514. https://doi.org/10.1007/s40596-020-01294-x

Are Psychedelics Something New in Teaching Psychopharmacology?

Galvão-Coelho, N. L., Marx, W., Gonzalez, M., Sinclair, J., De Manincor, M., Perkins, D., & Sarris, J.. (2021). Classic serotonergic psychedelics for mood and depressive symptoms: a meta-analysis of mood disorder patients and healthy participants. Psychopharmacology, 238(2), 341–354. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00213-020-05719-1

Classic serotonergic psychedelics for mood and depressive symptoms

Kuypers, K. P. C.. (2020). The therapeutic potential of microdosing psychedelics in depression. Therapeutic Advances in Psychopharmacology, 10, 204512532095056. https://doi.org/10.1177/2045125320950567

The therapeutic potential of microdosing psychedelics in depression

https://adf.org.au/drug-facts/psychedelics/

Psychedelic Drugs

Harmer, C. J., Duman, R. S., & Cowen, P. J.. (2017). How do antidepressants work? New perspectives for refining future treatment approaches. The Lancet Psychiatry, 4(5), 409–418. https://doi.org/10.1016/s2215-0366(17)30015-9

How do antidepressants work? New perspectives for refining future treatment approaches

Ly, C., Greb, A. C., Cameron, L. P., Wong, J. M., Barragan, E. V., Wilson, P. C., Burbach, K. F., Soltanzadeh Zarandi, S., Sood, A., Paddy, M. R., Duim, W. C., Dennis, M. Y., Mcallister, A. K., Ori-Mckenney, K. M., Gray, J. A., & Olson, D. E.. (2018). Psychedelics Promote Structural and Functional Neural Plasticity. Cell Reports, 23(11), 3170–3182. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.celrep.2018.05.022

Psychedelics Promote Structural and Functional Neural Plasticity

Mertens, L. J., Wall, M. B., Roseman, L., Demetriou, L., Nutt, D. J., & Carhart-Harris, R. L.. (2020). Therapeutic mechanisms of psilocybin: Changes in the amygdala and prefrontal functional connectivity during emotional processing after psilocybin for treatment-resistant depression. Journal of Psychopharmacology, 34(2), 167–180. https://doi.org/10.1177/0269881119895520

Therapeutic mechanisms of psilocybin: Changes in amygdala and prefrontal functional connectivity during emotional processing after psilocybin for treatment-resistant depression

Murrough, J. W., Iosifescu, D. V., Chang, L. C., Al Jurdi, R. K., Green, C. E., Perez, A. M., Iqbal, S., Pillemer, S., Foulkes, A., Shah, A., Charney, D. S., & Mathew, S. J.. (2013). Antidepressant Efficacy of Ketamine in Treatment-Resistant Major Depression: A Two-Site Randomized Controlled Trial. American Journal of Psychiatry, 170(10), 1134–1142. https://doi.org/10.1176/appi.ajp.2013.13030392

Antidepressant Efficacy of Ketamine in Treatment-Resistant Major Depression: A Two-Site Randomized Controlled Trial

Corriger, A., & Pickering, G.. (2019). Ketamine and depression: a narrative review. Drug Design, Development and Therapy, Volume 13, 3051–3067. https://doi.org/10.2147/dddt.s221437

Ketamine and depression: a narrative review

Ankarfeldt, M. Z., Petersen, J., Andersen, J. T., Li, H., Motsko, S. P., Fast, T., Hede, S. M., & Jimenez-Solem, E.. (2021). Exposure to duloxetine during pregnancy and risk of congenital malformations and stillbirth: A nationwide cohort study in Denmark and Sweden. PLOS Medicine, 18(11), e1003851. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pmed.1003851

Exposure to duloxetine during pregnancy and risk of congenital malformations and stillbirth: A nationwide cohort study in Denmark and Sweden

Stephansson, O., Kieler, H., Haglund, B., Artama, M., Engeland, A., Furu, K., Gissler, M., Nørgaard, M., Nielsen, R. B., Zoega, H., & Valdimarsdóttir, U.. (2013). Selective Serotonin Reuptake Inhibitors During Pregnancy and Risk of Stillbirth and Infant Mortality. JAMA, 309(1), 48. https://doi.org/10.1001/jama.2012.153812

Selective Serotonin Reuptake Inhibitors During Pregnancy and Risk of Stillbirth and Infant Mortality

Jimenez-Solem, E., Andersen, J. T., Petersen, M., Broedbaek, K., Lander, A. R., Afzal, S., Torp-Pedersen, C., & Poulsen, H. E.. (2013). SSRI Use During Pregnancy and Risk of Stillbirth and Neonatal Mortality. American Journal of Psychiatry, 170(3), 299–304. https://doi.org/10.1176/appi.ajp.2012.11081251

SSRI Use During Pregnancy and Risk of Stillbirth and Neonatal Mortality

Frick, A., Persson, J., &amp; Bodén, R. (2021). Habitual caffeine consumption moderates the antidepressant effect of dorsomedial intermittent theta-burst transcranial magnetic stimulation. Journal of Psychopharmacology, 35(12), 1536–1541. https://doi.org/10.1177/02698811211058975 

Habitual caffeine consumption moderates the antidepressant effect of dorsomedial intermittent theta-burst transcranial magnetic stimulation

Szopa, A., Poleszak, E., Wyska, E., Serefko, A., Wośko, S., Wlaź, A., Pieróg, M., Wróbel, A., & Wlaź, P.. (2016). Caffeine enhances the antidepressant-like activity of common antidepressant drugs in the forced swim test in mice. Naunyn-schmiedeberg's Archives of Pharmacology, 389(2), 211–221. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00210-015-1189-z

Caffeine enhances the antidepressant-like activity of common antidepressant drugs in the forced swim test in mice

National Center for Biotechnology Information (2021). PubChem Compound Summary for CID 2519, Caffeine. Retrieved December 25, 2021 from https://pubchem.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/compound/Caffeine.

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