Fundamentals of biochemistry: Life at the molecular level, 4th ed.

Fundamentals of Biochemistry, 4th Edition references

Fundamentals of Biochemistry, 4th Edition

Grand Valley State University

The study of the chemistry involved in life processes to explain form and function based on chemical principles.

Biochemistry

- Biochemistry
- European Journal of Cell Biology
- Handbook of Experimental Pharmacology
- Journal of Bacteriology 
- Journal of Investigative Dermatology
- Journal of Regenerative Biology and Medicine
- Khan Academy
- Molecules
- Molecular Cell
- PLOS ONE
- StatPearls
- Trends in Biochemical Sciences

Biochemistry references by journal

COVALENT BONDS
- Covalent bonds - formed when two atoms share one or more pairs of electrons to fill their valence shell
- Bonding valence electrons are attracted by both nuclei in the bond.
- Bond length depends on the nature of the atoms bonded and the number of electrons participating in the bond.
- Carbon-carbon double bonds are generally longer and have less bond energy than do carbon-carbon triple bonds.
- Atoms are held together by these
- Strength and bond length depends on:
Nature of atoms bonded
Number of e- pairs shared
- Greater number of pairs, greater bond energy, lower bond length

INTERMOLECULAR FORCES
- Non-covalent interactions
- Electrostatic interactions
- Ionic interactions
- Non-ionic interactions (electrically neutral)
- Fixed dipole-dipole
- Hydrogen bonds, electronegative
- Fixed dipole-induced dipole
- Induced dipole- induced dipole (london dispersion forces, van der Waals Forces)


Covalent Bonds and Intermolecular Forces

Biochemistry references by text book

There are many types of macromolecules such as: 

- carbohydrates
- lipids
- proteins
- nucleic acids

Types of Macromolecules

Is an organic molecule that  is found within living organisms they are the building blocks of life and contain chemicals that are composed of oxygen, carbon, hydrogen, sulfur, nitrogen, and phosphorus.

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