The binary number system is a base-2 numerical system that utilizes only two distinct symbols, typically represented as 0 and 1, to express numerical values. Unlike the decimal system, which uses ten digits and powers of 10, in binary, the positional value (or weight) of each digit, known as a bit, doubles with each position from right to left. This means each position corresponds to a power of 2 (e.g., $2^0$, $2^1$, $2^2$, etc.), enabling any numerical quantity to be represented as a unique sequence of these two binary digits. For instance, the decimal number 13 can be represented in binary as 00001101. This representation functions similarly to the decimal system, but instead of ten distinct digits, it uses only two (0 and 1). The significance of each binary digit (bit) increases by a factor of two as one moves from right to left, corresponding to powers of 2. For example, in the binary representation of 13 (00001101), the weights of the bits from right to left are 1, 2, 4, 8, 16, 32, 64, 128, respectively. Specifically, for the binary number 00001101, its non-zero digits correspond to the weighted values of 8, 4, and 1, which collectively sum up to the decimal number 13.

Binary Number System

Computer memory refers to the physical components within a computer system that are used for storing digital data and programs, either temporarily or permanently. It is crucial for the computer's operation, enabling efficient access and processing of information. All information stored in computer memory is fundamentally represented as sequences of bits.

Computer Memory

Every piece of information on the computer is stored as a string of 1's and 0's, otherwise known as a bit string. Bitwise operators, which are similar across most programming languages, allow you to manipulate those bit strings directly. Some bitwise operators are:
   - bitwise AND: compares two bit strings and returns a new bit string with bits in the places where both bit strings have a bit, denoted by &
   - bitwise OR: compares two bit strings and returns a new bit string with bits in the places that at least one bit string has a bit in, denoted by |
   - bitwise left shift: takes two operands and shifts the bits of the first operand's bit string left by the number of places specified by the value of the second operand, denoted by <<
   - bitwise right shift: takes two operands and shifts the bits of the first operand's bit string right by the number of places specified by the value of the second operand, denoted by >>

Bitwise Operators in Python

Bitwise operators aren't widely used in Python due to the simplicity of the language. It's often easier to just perform calculations with integers, and bitwise operators are usually only used when working directly with bits.

When to Use Bitwise Operators

Bits are the fundamental, two-valued units of information, typically represented as binary digits (zeros and ones). Within a computer, these abstract bits are physically realized through various means, such as variations in electrical charge (high or low), signal strength (strong or weak), or the reflectivity of a storage medium (shiny or dull spots on a CD). Any distinct piece of information can be converted into a sequence of these binary units, allowing for its digital representation and processing. This inherent binary structure ensures that all forms of data within a computer system are fundamentally uniform, regardless of their higher-level interpretation or complexity.

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Data encompasses facts, figures, or information gathered for analysis, reference, or computation. It can be qualitative or quantitative and serves as the foundation for reasoning, discussion, or calculation across various fields like scientific research, business analysis, and technological processes. Data exists in diverse forms, including numbers, text, images, or sounds, and is frequently processed and analyzed to extract meaningful insights or inform decisions. In the realm of computers, data is the exclusive and foundational element; all interactions within a computer system revolve around data, allowing for its reading, modification, and creation. Anything that is not data cannot be processed or acknowledged. Fundamentally, all data is stored as uniform sequences of bits, making it inherently similar regardless of its perceived form.

Data

Within a computer system, data serves as the exclusive and foundational element. Any operation or representation must be expressed as data; consequently, anything that does not conform to this definition cannot be processed or acknowledged by the system. This principle dictates that all interactions, including reading, modifying, and creating, are confined to the domain of data.

Data as the Fundamental Entity in Computing

Eloquent JavaScript

Structured data is comprised of clearly defined data types whose pattern makes them easily searchable. Data may be human or machine generated as long as the data is created within an RDBMS structure. This format is eminently searchable both with human generated queries and via algorithms using type of data and field names, such as alphabetical or numeric, currency or date.

Structured Data

Unstructured data either does not have a pre-defined data model or is not organized in a pre-defined manner. It has internal structure but is not structured via pre-defined data models or schema. Unstructured data may be textual or non-textual, and human- or machine-generated. It may also be stored within a non-relational database like NoSQL.

Unstructured Data

For CNNs, the data used usually has several channels (single channel or multichannel)  with different dimensionalities (1-D, 2-D, or 3-D). Each of these channels represent an observation of a different quantity at some point in space or time.

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