A study found that the highest rates of borderline personality disorder occurred among individuals who both had a borderline temperament (characterized by high novelty seeking and high harm avoidance) and had experienced childhood abuse and/or neglect. This finding is consistent with the hypothesis that borderline personality disorder results from an interaction between genetic factors and adverse environmental experiences (Joyce et al., 2003).

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The combined evidence that borderline personality disorder traits are heritable, that the disorder runs at high rates among relatives, and that affected individuals report elevated rates of childhood abuse suggests that borderline personality disorder may be determined by an interaction between genetic factors and adverse environmental experiences.

Gene-Environment Interaction Hypothesis for Borderline Personality Disorder

Spielman, R. M., Jenkins, W. J., & Lovett, M. D. (2020, April 22). Psychology (2nd ed.). OpenStax. https://openstax.org/books/psychology-2e/pages/1-introduction

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