1) between Welsh and English in the UK.


2) s cases of language mixing between standard Italian and Italoromance dialects in Italy.


3) between Turkish-Bulgarian and Romani in Bulgaria


4) . C-S between dialects and/or standard vs. minority languages in computer mediated interaction was analyzed by Siebenhaar (2006) among Swiss-German dialects

University of Michigan - Ann Arbor

The contexts in which people acquire and use multiple languages in Europe are diverse. Some acquire their languages simultaneously from birth, while others acquire them sequentially, either naturally or via explicit instruction. Multilingualism is the norm in many zones where local residents may speak different languages to accommodate their interlocutors. Speakers who use local dialects or minoritized varieties may also be engaged in C-S when switching between their variety and a dominant on

C-S across Languages: European Context

C-S in minority language background and dialects

e C-S between English and Chinese from a conversational analysis point of view based on the interactions of bilingual (ChineseEnglish) families in Northeastern England

e French-Lingala-Swahili C-S among immigrants of Zaire and Treffers-Daller

C-S is commonly observable across immigrant contexts in Europe.

Within the media context, Martin  investigated English C-S in written French advertising, and Onysko investigated the English C-S in German written media through corpus analyse

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