Pfeifer, G. P., Denissenko, M. F., Olivier, M., Tretyakova, N., Hecht, S. S., & Hainaut, P. (2002). Tobacco smoke carcinogens, DNA damage and p53 mutations in smoking-associated cancers. Oncogene, 21(48), 7435–7451. https://doi.org/10.1038/sj.onc.1205803

Tobacco Smoke Carcinogens Reference

 Hurley, S, Winnall, WR, Greenhalgh, EM & Winstanley, MH. 3.3 Smoking and cancer. In Greenhalgh, EM, Scollo, MM and Winstanley, MH [editors].  Tobacco in Australia: Facts and issues. Melbourne: Cancer Council Victoria; 2020. Available from  http://www.tobaccoinaustralia.org.au/chapter-3-health-effects/3-3-smoking-and-cancer

Smoking and Cancer 

Matthew Tontonoz Friday, D. 7. (2018, December 07). How Do Cigarettes Cause Cancer? Retrieved from https://www.mskcc.org/news/how-do-cigarettes-cause-cancer


Smoking and Cancer Reference

Carcinogens are any substance that will contribute to the formation of cancers. Carcinogens range from naturally occurring compounds to radioactive substances. Carcinogens consist of two categories: Genotoxic compounds and non-genotoxic compounds. 


What are carcinogens? 

Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (US). “How Tobacco Smoke Causes Disease: The Biology and Behavioral Basis for Smoking-Attributable Disease.” National Center for Biotechnology Information, U.S. National Library of Medicine, 1 Jan. 1970, www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK53017/.


Chemistry and Toxicology of Cigarette Smoke

Wong, T.-J., Li, Q., Dodd, V., Wang, W., Bian, J., & Guo, Y. (2021). Oral cancer knowledge and screening behavior among smokers and non-smokers in rural communities. BMC Cancer, 21(1), 430–430. https://doi.org/10.1186/s12885-021-08198-5

Oral and Pharyngeal Cancer Reference

Oral and Pharyngeal cancers (OPC) form in squamous cells, thin flat cells that line the inner lining of the oral cavity, pharynx, and larynx.  


Oral and Pharyngeal Cancer

Cigarettes contain tobacco. Tobacco contains over 70 carcinogens that damage one's DNA and increases cell division, hence leading to cancer.  These carcinogens also damage brain cells and the airway/lungs. 

University of Michigan - Ann Arbor

According to the AACR,
- In the US, smoking causes 1 in every 5 cancer cases.
- On top of lung cancer, smoking causes 17 other types of cancer, including cancers of the colon, pancreas, liver, kidneys, esophagus, and stomach.
- Cigarettes have nicotine, which compels people to keep smoking in spite of the deadly consequences. 

Note: Text above copied nearly verbatim from my site cancer80.weebly.com

Cancer Prevention | Avoid Smoking

- Youtube Channel: https://www.youtube.com/channel/UCEwEYnO7yey-oBzyNu-AauQ/featured

Demystifying Medicine

- https://smokefree.gov/ has very useful resources and tools.
- https://map.naquitline.org/default.aspx North American Quitline Consortium contains links to every state's and province's official quit-line websites in the United States and Canada  

Resources for Quitting Smoking

- Cigarette smoke has carcinogens and carbon monoxide that damage the lungs, cause irritation in lung tissue, and cause lung cancer.
- The nicotine in cigarettes makes them highly addictive.
- Secondhand smoke is also bad, causing some lung cancer cases.
- This 4.5 min video (by Demystifying Medicine) explains exactly how smoking causes lung cancer: https://youtu.be/0GCKicEKdUc.

How Smoking Causes Lung Cancer?

Cancer Prevention | How Smoking Causes Lung Cancer

Cancers linked to tobacco use make up 40% of all cancers diagnosed in the United States. (2016, November 10). Retrieved from https://www.cdc.gov/media/releases/2016/p1110-vital-signs-cancer-tobacco.html


Reference Tobacco Related Cancers

According to the Center for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC), tobacco consumption is the leading cause of preventable disease in the United States. Despite the known harms, tobacco consumption is still very prevalent due to the tobacco companies’ introduction of novel products into the market. Quick statistics claims that about 34 million US adults smoke cigarettes (2019) meanwhile 58 million nonsmoking Americans are exposed to secondhand smoke. 

Source - https://www.cdc.gov/tobacco/about/osh/index.htm 


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