- Clinical predictors of mortality due to COVID-19 based on an analysis of data of 150 patients from Wuhan, China (March 2020)
- Prevalence of comorbidities and its effects in patients infected with SARS-CoV-2: a systematic review and meta-analysis (May 2020)
- Association of cardiac injury with mortality in hospitalized patients with COVID-19 in Wuhan, China 

Cardiovascular Disease in COVID-19 Patients in Wuhan, China

- Hypertension: 10.9% 

- Cardiovascular Disease (other than hypertension): 2.7% 

- Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease: 1.8%

- Chronic Liver Disease: 1.8% 

Comorbidities of Healthcare Workers with COVID-19 in Wuhan, China

• The primary goal of this study was to assess the rate and characteristics of thromboembolic complications in patients with COVID-19.

• The data included in the study was obtained from COVID-19 positive patients admitted to Humanitas Clinical and Research Hospital, Rozzano, Milan, Lombardy, Italy since February 2020.

• 388 patients were assessed in the study – the median age was 66, 68% were men, and 16% required intensive care in the ICU.

• Thromboembolic complications occurred in 28 patients and half of these events were diagnosed within 24 hours of hospital admission.

• Thromboembolic events observed were cases of pulmonary embolism, ischemic stroke, myocardial infarction, and disseminated intravascular coagulation.

• The high level of thromboembolic events observed and diagnosed within 24 hours of admission suggest a substantial rate of thromboembolic risk associated with COVID-19 positive patients.


Cardiovascular Disease in COVID-19 Patients in Milan, Italy

University of Michigan - Ann Arbor

Ohio State University, Columbus

Cardiovascular disease is a risk factor for severe COVID-19, and COVID-19 causes cardiovascular complications. 

Cardiovascular Disease and COVID-19

Cardiovascular Disease in COVID-19 Patients by Geographic Location

Angiotensin-converting enzyme 2 (ACE2)is a membrane bound protein that functions as a receptor for SARS-CoV-2. Since ACE2 is found in the lungs and heart, systemic inflammatory response triggered by the virus will target those tissues, leading to damage in myocardial cells. This will lead to an increase in cardiovascular symptoms in COVID-19 patients. 

- RAAS and COVID-19 
- ACE Inhibitors and Angiotensin Receptor Blockers 
- Troponin 

Molecular Underpinnings of COVID-19 and the Cardiovascular System

- Myocardial injury (injury to the muscular tissue of the heart)
- Myocarditis (inflamed heart muscle tissue)
- Myocardial infarction (heart attack)
- Heart failure
- Dysrhythmias (Irregular heart rhythm)
- Venous thrombosis (blood clotting)
- Aortic thrombosis
- Heart palpitations 
- Chest tightening 
- Endothelial dysfunction
- Systemic inflammation 

Cardiovascular Complications & Symptoms Associated with COVID-19

- This paper provides a rough summary of the possible induced injuries caused by the comorbidity of cardiovascular disease and COVID-19
- The paper also details some cardiovascular manifestations of COVID-19 by providing some examples of lasting various cardiovascular conditions that can be brought on by the virus itself
- Some direct injuries caused by the comorbidity include direct myocardial injury, systemic inflammation, altered myocardial demand-supply ratio, plaque rupture and coronary thrombosis, adverse effects to various therapies, and electrolyte imbalances
- The paper also describes that patients with preexisting cardiovascular disease have increased risk of for COVID-19 infection as well as worse overall outcomes compared to non-impaired patients
- The paper also describes how the heightened poorer outcomes may also be due to the fact that many cardiovascular disease comorbid patients are also likely to be comorbid with other illnesses such as diabetes or hypertension which also lead to poorer COVID-19 outcomes
- The cardiovascular manifestations described by the paper include acute myocardial injury, arrhythmias,  as well as a short discussion on long term abnormal lipid metabolisms


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