Cases are the most detailed level of moral discourse where each circumstance can be unique. However, previous cases that have been resolved in the past are often used as guides, especially if they are similar to a current case of moral debate, and are called "paradigm cases".

University of Pittsburgh

There are four levels of moral discourse. From the highest level to the lowest, they are:

- Metaethics
- Normative Ethics
- Rules and Rights
- Cases

Levels of Moral Discourse

Veatch, R. M., & Guidry-Grimes, L. K. (2019). The basics of bioethics. Routledge.

Basics of Bioethics

Rules and rights act as guidance to help resolve ethical issues, with groups of rules and rights being called codes of ethics. However, the topic of the rules and rights depends heavily on the group that is making them, meaning they are subject to the bias and limited to the knowledge of their creators.

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