School-based involvement:
- parents make actual contact with children's schools (e.g. general school meeting, talking with teachers, attend school events, volunteer at school)
Home-based involvement:
- parents take active practices at home to help children (e.g. assisting children with home work, course selection, and talking with children about academic issues)

University of Connecticut

- a) student-centered factors (e.g., low ability, negative peer pressures, and the belief that academic success is "acting White"
- b) lack of parent-centered factors (e.g., lack of parental involvement in their child's education, low expectation of Black students, and high expectations of White students

parental involvement and Differences in African Heritage students's Achievement 

Categories of Parental Involvement

- Parental Expectations
- Parental Interest
- Parental Involvement in school
- Family Community

Component of Parental Involvement

Pinder's (2010,2012) Study:
- 87 African heritage high school students within Maryland
- 18 were Afro-Caribbean, 69 were African Americans
- Afro-Caribbean students did significantly better in chemistry (t=2.43, p<0.05) 
- Parental variables were factors

Fisher's (2005) Research:
- 26 high school students from of African heritage in an urban high school 
- high achievers were all immigrants from the Caribbean and Africa or second-generation US citizens
- They have strong parental support and high academic expectations

Jeynes's (2003) Study
- utilized 26 studies, of which 20 studies were in his meta-analysis
- Specific Components: the extent of which parents communicated with their children about school; parents checking on their children's home work; parental expectations of the academic success of their children; parents' encouragement
- Six Racial Grouping: a) mostly African American, b) al African American c) mostly Asian American, d) all Asian American e) mostly Latino and Asian American f) all Latino and Asian American
- Results: Parental involvement does have an effects on minorities' academic achievement

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