Lewinsohn, P. M., Seeley, J. R., Roberts, R. E., & Allen, N. B. (1997). Center for Epidemiological Studies-Depression Scale (CES-D) as a screening instrument for depression among community-residing older adults. Psychology and Aging, 12, 277-287. https://doi.org/10.1037/0882-7974.12.2.277

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Center for Epidemiological Studies-Depression (CES-D) is a 20-item survey that asks caregivers to rate how frequently they had depressive symptoms in the previous week. 
Each item was scored using a four-point scale that ranged from 0 ("rarely or never") to 3 ("most or often"). All items are added up to produce a final score. A cutoff score of 16 or more denotes the presence of substantial depression symptoms.

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