Home-to-work interference refers to interruptions from family or other household members that negatively impacts productivity. Conversely, work-to-home interference occurs when one's work seeps into their home life and familial obligations.

Work-Home Interference

Inefficient methods of contact, such as through ICTs instead of face-to-face communication.

Ineffective Communication

Procrastination

Sadness resulting from the lack of opportunity to socialize with colleagues, friends, or romantic partners.

Loneliness

• Less balance

• More work-life conflicts

• Creates "greater work-related fatigue"

• If the employee does not like their remote work environment, work-life balance decreases due to a stress increase

• Hours increase and employees feel as though they are always connected to work

• Isolation


Remote Work-life Balance (Cons)

Employees who receive more social support will experience less procrastination, work-home interference, and loneliness.

Social Support and Remote Work Challenges

- Having a working situation that reduces boundaries such as working from home would lead to misalignment with workers’ preferences.
- Remote work alters the traditional boundaries between work and nonwork domains, which may make it difficult to balance between work and nonwork. 
- Workers are more likely to experience poor work-family outcomes if their boundary management preferences and the degree of satisfaction to their preferences do not match.

Challenges of Boundary Management Caused by Remote Work

In the short run, stressors or shock events will negatively impact individuals' well-being, but in the long run, individuals adapt to their new situation and well-being returns. The rate of adaption varies across life events, and the adaptation pattern has been observed to respond to various stressors as a function of individual differences.

Adaptation Theory

Work-home interference, ineffective communication, loneliness, procrastination, and boundary management.

Tulane University

New York University

Remote work is a flexible working arrangement or environment that allows one to work outside of the on-site workplace. The versatility in remote work allows for temporary or permanent arrangements, part-time or full-time arrangements, and occasional or frequent arrangements. Remote work is often facilitated through online programs and collaborative platforms such as zoom, google meets, Microsoft teams, etc. Typically, remote work is organized into groups or teams that hold metting through their respective platform.

Remote Work

Wang, B., Liu, Y., Qian, J., & Parker, S. K. (2020). Achieving effective remote working during the COVID‐19 pandemic: A work design perspective. Applied Psychology, 70(1), 16–59. 	https://doi.org/10.1111/apps.12290 

Achieving Effective Remote Work During the COVID-19 Pandemic: A Work Design Perspective

- Telecommuting
- Distance Working
- Telework
- Working From Home (WFH)
- Mobile Work
- Remote Job
- Work from Anywhere (WFA)
- Virtual Work

Remote Work (other names)

virtual teams can create psychological safety if their members are willing to invest time and effort in three specific ways: accepting virtual team challenges, discussing rules, and team connection What follows is a practical guide for managers to transfer findings to their virtual team reality.

Practical recommendations for remote work

- A full-time arrangement

- A part-time arrangement

Two Types of Arrangement

- Voluntary remote work

- Involuntary remote work

Two Types of Remote Work

- Hot desking 
- Hoteling 
- Telework centers
- Collaborative offices
- Day extenders
- Mobile remote workers

Different or Hybrid types of remote work

Desirable (the greatest benefits) vs. Undesirable (the most difficult challenges) Aspects of Remote Work: characteristics fell on a spectrum; most employees’ experiences usually fell somewhere between the extremes.

- Flextime vs. Work Intensity

- Flexplace vs. Space Limitation

- Technologically-Feasible Work Arrangement vs. Technostress and Isolation

- Family-Friendly Work Arrangement vs. Housework and Care Intensity

Four Themes Representing the Contrast between Remote Work's Desirable Expectations and Undesirable Experiences

Job autonomy, social support, workload, and monitoring

Characteristics of Remote Work

Challenges Associated with Remote Work

Individual Factor Affecting Remote Work Productivity

- COVID pushed this transition heavier
- Controversial, many are divided on which medium they prefer
- Focus on communication, visibility, community, structure, wellbeing, obtaining correct tools

Transitioning from On-site to Remote work

1) Offer remote work as an option

2) Prepare to support transition and remote work

3) Provide ongoing support to sustain remote work

Practical Suggestions to Support Remote Work and Work-Life Balance

Boundary management discusses how individuals establish, maintain, or change boundaries in order to effectively navigate the world around them, including their work and nonwork roles 

Boundary Management

Employee Engagement and Remote Working Condition

•	Metasterotypes 


•	Age Stereotypes

•	The wording in job applications 

•	How the job seekers perceive it



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