- insecure or disorganized attachment patterns in children
- having trouble relying on others for help
- trouble with regulation, behavioral control, cognition, self-concept
- withdrawn or disruptive behavior 

Santa Clara University

- More complex, diffused, and tenacious symptomology (does not fit neatly into DSM-5)
- personality changes in relatedness and identity
- involved further harm to self/others

Clinical Manifestations of Prolonged Exposure to Repeated Trauma

Parish-Plass, N. (2021). Animal-assisted psychotherapy for developmental trauma through the lens of interpersonal neurobiology of trauma: Creating connection with self and others. Journal of Psychotherapy Integration, 31(3), 302-325. https://doi.org/10.1037/int0000253

Animal-assisted psychotherapy for developmental trauma through the lens of interpersonal neurobiology of trauma: Creating connection with self and others.

Clinical Manifestations of Prolonged Exposure to Repeated Trauma: Personality Changes in Relatedness/Identity

- difficulty in establishment of the therapeutic alliance
- shame
- presentation of false self to others
- loss of touch with self

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