The cognitive basis step of misinformation inoculation involves refuting the false claim before it is made. This can involve telling the person why the misinformation is wrong. 

University of Michigan - Ann Arbor

The process of inoculation consists of two steps:
- Affective Basis
- Cognitive Basis

Process of Inoculation

Maertens, R., Anseel, F., & van der Linden, S. (2020). Combatting climate change misinformation: Evidence for longevity of inoculation and consensus messaging effects. Journal of Environmental Psychology, 70, 101455. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jenvp.2020.101455

Combatting climate change misinformation: Evidence for longevity of inoculation and consensus messaging effects

van der Linden, S., & Roozenbeek, J. (2021). Psychological Inoculation Against Fake News. In R. Greifeneder, M. E. Jaffé, E. J. Newman, & N. Schwarz, The Psychology of Fake News: Accepting, Sharing, and Correcting Misinformation. Routledge. https://www.taylorfrancis.com/books/9780429295379

Psychological Inoculation Against Fake News

The affective basis step of misinformation inoculation foreshadows to the recipient that they will be presented with a piece of misinformation, or an attack on their existing attitudes is forthcoming. 

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