Social Movement is the collective action of a group of like-minded individuals and/or organizations. The group tends to be closely organized and is focused on creating change according to their ideals. A majority of famous social movements have been focused on creating change and a better place for those who have been marginalized or mistreated.  

Social Movement

Social change is the process in which structures  and features in government change as a result of social movements 

Social change

1. Relative deprivation theory (RDT)
    - perceptions and emotions of group-based injustice
2. Social identity theory (SIT)
    - (politicized) social identification
3. Instrumental cost-benefit analysis
    -  instrumental cost-benefit expectations of available resources 

Collective action theories 

When discussing collective action the low-status group is defined as the group that is at a disadvantage because of the social, political, structural, etc. systems set up and maintained by those who are in the high-status group that discriminates because of a select characteristic.

1. the low-status group needs to have a sense of psychological collective empowerment as that helps elevate the feelings/idea that they can create change. This helps motivate individuals to participate in collective action.


Collective action: Low-status groups

 The high-status group is those who are not disadvantaged as they do not have the negative characteristics.


  -Those who belong to the high-status group tend to engage in oppressive acts. These acts can be something like perpetuating stereotypes, ignoring prejudice, minimizing impact. etc. Members of the high-status group engage in these acts because the acts are normalized through exposure as well as encouraged by other members.


Collective action: High-status groups

Contentious Collective action is when a group of like-minded individuals are working together to achieve a goal. The goal of the group or the process used to achieve their goal is contentious, controversial, or argumentative. 

Contentious Collective Action

Collective action is the actions/behaviors of a group of individuals working towards the same goal or common objective. The individuals tend to be like-minded in the way that they believe that the completion of their goal(s) will make their life better.

Albion College

San Jose State University

A system composed of many distributed elements whose aggregate properties cannot be predicted by observing the behavior of an element. Furthermore, the observable manifestations or 'forms' of a complex system may only represent superficial aspects, with its true 'essence' or fundamental nature remaining hidden or less apparent beneath the surface.

Complex Systems

George, Jordana & Leidner, Dorothy. (2019). From clicktivism to hacktivism: Understanding digital activism. Information and Organization. 29. 10.1016/j.infoandorg.2019.04.001. 

From clicktivism to hacktivism: Understanding digital activism

References about Complex Systems

A computational entity (object or individual) with properties and actions that behaves autonomously.

Agents 

The appearance of structures, patterns, and properties through the interaction of elements.

Emergence

Shared or group intelligence that emerges from the collaboration, collective efforts, and competition of many individuals. When groups of people work together, they create intelligence that cannot exist on an individual level.

Collective Intelligence

How a system behaves over time through stocks and flows. Very helpful to understanding complex systems.

Dynamics ( systems ) 

Collective Action

Computational models of complex systems are computer simulations designed to study how system-level behaviors and macroscopic patterns emerge from the interactions of many individual components. By encoding the rules of interaction at the micro-level, these models allow researchers to explore complex dynamics and emergent phenomena that are often impossible to predict using traditional mathematical equations alone.

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