More individualist societies were less obedient to movement restrictions than more collectivist societies during the pandemic. This could be because highly individualistic countries tend to have more negative perceptions of government interventions and therefore could be less likely to cooperate with a government’s pandemic response.

Wesleyan University

The association between regime type and COVID-19 response is mixed, though it at least seems that autocracies are not inherently better at responding to pandemics than are democracies. However, alternative explanations that might be more clear-cut exist in the literature, particularly explanations concerning a country's culture, trust in government, and previous experience with handling public health crises.

Alternative Explanations of COVID-19 Response

Frey, C. B., Chen, C., & Presidente, G. (2020). Democracy, Culture, and Contagion: Political Regimes and Countries Responsiveness to Covid-19. Covid Economics, 18, 1-20. https://ora.ox.ac.uk/objects/uuid:06808503-78e4-404f-804f-1f97ab2c7d7e

Frey et al. (2020)

Greater institutional trust (or trust in government) was significantly associated with lower COVID-19 mortality for the entire pandemic. This association holds true with other public health crises—citizens of African countries during the Ebola outbreak with more trust in government were more likely to follow government-mandated public health policies. 

Institutional Trust and COVID-19 Response

Greater interpersonal trust was significantly associated with lower COVID-19 mortality for most of the pandemic. This corresponds to the theory that controlling pandemics requires large-scale cooperation and therefore potentially a high amount of trust among members of a society. People are more likely to adopt practices that might hurt or inconvenience the individual (such as staying home) but help the collective (by preventing the spread of a disease) if they believe that others would do the same. Therefore, a high level of interpersonal trust could feasibly be related to a country successfully coping with COVID-19.

Interpersonal Trust and COVID-19 Response

Collectivist vs. Individualist Societies and COVID-19 Response

Previous Ebola/SARS/MERS exposure was significantly associated with fewer COVID-19 deaths for part of the pandemic. Countries that experienced SARS or MERS were more likely to develop comprehensive testing policies than countries that had not experienced these diseases. South Korea and Taiwan, in particular, adopted legal frameworks after their SARS and MERS outbreaks that would grant special powers to their governments for testing and tracing to be used in future public health emergencies. Most Western countries, by contrast, were not affected by these diseases and therefore not incentivized to prepare for a future crisis.

Previous Exposure to Ebola/SARS/MERS and COVID-19 Response

Greater media independence was significantly associated with COVID-19 mortality during the initial stages of the pandemic. This finding runs counter to traditional theories on media freedom and emergency response—if the media is free, it is able to report on emergencies and pressure the government to take action. However, media companies can also spread misinformation about the pandemic that stokes doubts over government policies or encourages dangerous public health practices. The spread of misinformation during the pandemic—particularly on social media—contributed to the spread of erroneous health practices (such as super-spreader events, false cures, ‘debunking’ established protections like mask-wearing, etc.) that contributed to the spread of the disease.

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