Example of happiness, age, and marriage --> shows marriage as a collider
With colliders, there should be no association between age and happiness
In model, there is a negative association but it is just statistical not causal

Collider Association

Collider Bias
Describe grandparent example
Simpson's Paradox - present in grandparent example, means including another predictor can reverse the direction of association between other predictor and the outcome. Usually the new predictor helps us, but in this one, it says the opposite.

Collider Bias

Collider Bias - when you condition on a collider, it creates statistical - but not necessarily causal associations among its causes. 
Relationship between trustworthiness, worthiness and selection

University of Connecticut

Bias in Multiple Regression

Omitted Variable Bias - missing variables that could affect the experiment
Included Variable Bias - including variables that could affect the experiment
Post-treatment Bias - example of included variable bias, pg 171 example

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