University of Michigan - Ann Arbor

- “close to” or “on top of” each other (be proximate)
- nodes may be “under,” “over,” “to the left
of,” or “to the right of” one another (show deliberate alignment in either the x or y dimension)
- nodes may clustered or grouped (set apart from other elements of a space)

Geometrically-based relationships

- nodes of the same color distributed throughout a space might belong to a common set.
- nodes that are similar in appearance might elaborate the role of a geometrically-perceived link.

Visual characteristics

Marshall, C. C., &amp; Shipman, F. M. (1995). Spatial hypertext. Communications of the ACM, 38(8), 88–97. https://doi.org/10.1145/208344.208350 

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