Within the context of memory, concepts are the fundamental units that make up semantic networks. They function as categories or groupings for various types of information, including linguistic data, images, ideas, and personal memories like life experiences.

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According to the theory by Collins & Loftus (1975), long-term memories are structured in semantic, or associative, networks. These networks consist of interconnected concepts, with the connection strength determined by the frequency of their association. The specific organization of these networks is unique to each individual, as they are shaped by personal experiences.

Semantic Networks in Long-Term Memory

Spielman, R. M., Jenkins, W. J., & Lovett, M. D. (2020, April 22). Psychology (2nd ed.). OpenStax. https://openstax.org/books/psychology-2e/pages/1-introduction

OpenStax Psychology (2nd ed.) Textbook

Concepts in Memory Organization

Concepts within a person's semantic network are thought to be organized in a hierarchical structure. However, this arrangement is not rigid and can be influenced by an individual's unique experiences and level of expertise in different areas.

Hierarchical Arrangement of Concepts

Implicit priming is a form of implicit memory where exposure to one stimulus influences a response to a subsequent stimulus without conscious awareness. This effect occurs because the initial stimulus activates associated concepts within an individual's semantic network, making those related concepts more accessible for later tasks.

Implicit Priming

The common association between 'peanut butter' and 'jelly' serves as an example of priming. When an individual is prompted with the term 'peanut butter,' the concept of 'jelly' is primed and becomes more easily retrievable. This occurs because of the strong, frequently reinforced link between these two concepts within a person's semantic network.

Peanut Butter and Jelly as an Example of Priming

Spreading activation is the cognitive process where activating one concept in a semantic network triggers the activation of closely associated concepts. This partial activation makes related information easier to recall. For instance, reading about a 'picnic' primes the concept of 'plate' because they are linked in the semantic network. Similarly, reading about 'flowers' primes the concept of 'petal'. This mechanism explains many priming effects.

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