A. Child's race

B. Child's sex

C. Family structure

D. Number of siblings

E. Parent education

F. Whether the parent expects their child to complete a bachelor's degree


State University of New York at Stony Brook

PSID(Panel Study on Income Dynamics) provides information on

A.Family income 

B.Children's race

C.Children's Test scores

D.Area of metropolitan residence

In 1997, the PSID Child Development Supplement(CDS) collected data on children ranging from 0 to 12 years old and performed two follow-up studies, the CDS I and CDS II. It had a sample size of 2500 children in the CDS II. However, the sample used in this study included about 1200 children because it was restricted to the children assessed in the CDS I living in metropolitan areas. The information was collected over a period, which allows for a better understanding of the children's family situation. It is also important to note that there is an oversample of black families in the PSID.


Data and Methods used by Owens

Owens, Ann. "Income segregation between school districts and inequality in students’ achievement." Sociology of Education 91.1 (2018): 1-27.

Income segregation between school districts and inequality in students’ achievement

Control Variables

Owens used mathematical equations to calculate binary information theory (entropy), measure income segregation between school districts, and analyze the relationship between income segregation and the income achievement gap, while also factoring in the metropolitan statistical area.

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