- Researchers argue that the BDMA is still valid under the grounds that addiction is highly variable in severity, and those with less severe addictive disorders are more common and more likely to recover without treatment
- Researchers say chronic addictions occurs in a smaller number of people and these people fit the BDMA model

University of Michigan - Ann Arbor

- One main critique is that the BDMA labels addiction as a chronic and relapsing brain disease, but many people with addiction recover without treatment
- Another critique is the presence of evidence that those addicted to recreational drugs can respond to small personal changes such as finances or mandatory drug tests

Critiques of the BDMA

Hall, W., Carter, A., & Forlini, C. (2015). The brain disease model of addiction: Is it supported by the evidence and has it delivered on its promises? The Lancet Psychiatry, 2(1), 105-110. https://doi.org/10.1016/S2215-0366(14)00126-6

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