- Discussions and researches about the efficacy of hydroxychloroquine have never stopped. After the retraction of two papers about studies casting doubt on the ability of hydroxychloroquine (June 04, 2020), 5 days later, Science reported hydroxychloroquine is neither a treatment nor a prophylactic to COVID-19 (June 09, 2020).
- Retracted papers: 
   1. TheLancet: https://www.thelancet.com/journals/lancet/article/PIIS0140-6736(20)31324-6/fulltext?utm_campaign=tlcoronavirus20&utm_source=twitter&utm_medium=social
   2. The New England Journal of Medicine: https://www.nejm.org/doi/full/10.1056/NEJMc2021225
- Science report: https://www.sciencemag.org/news/2020/06/three-big-studies-dim-hopes-hydroxychloroquine-can-treat-or-prevent-covid-19
- Tweet link: https://twitter.com/Philipp31561573/status/1271553622007058433

An example of COVID-19 research inefficiencies stemmed from contradictions 

- On March 28, 2020 the FDA approved an emergency use authorization for 
   hydroxychloroquine despite lack of evidence
- On May 1, 2020, the FDA approved an emergency use authorization for 
   the drug remdesivir to to be distributed in USA and administered to patients 
   with COVID-19. 
- On June 15, 2020 a warning was put out by the FDA that they are revoking 
   the authorization to use Chloroquine and Hydroxychloroquine on patients 
   with COVID-19 as it may reduce the effectiveness of remdesivir


Example of research inefficiencies stemmed from contradictions

This is the root node for evidences/artifacts associated with the topic. The COVID-19 research inefficiencies can be rooted from multiple factors, and the contradictions are one of them.  Although research reproducibility and contradictions are part of process in scientific research in general, during COVID-19 pandemic, it is more consequential when studies contradict.  

University of Michigan - Ann Arbor

There are many repetitions and contradictions in the disseminated information.

Repetition and contradiction in collaborative research

This is the root node for evidences/artifacts associated with the topic. The COVID-19 research inefficiencies can be rooted from multiple factors, and the redundancies are one of them.  However, it is important to note that a larger issue of the cause of such redundancies may be to do with an efficient dissemination mechanism.


COVID-19 research Inefficiencies stemmed from redundancies 

COVID-19 research inefficiencies stemmed from contradictions 

Example of redundant/ repetitive works

- Too redundant (too many repetitions)
- Information is contradictory
- Inappropriate results
- Inappropriate interpretations
- Influence by author's personal ambitions
- Other (include reasoning)


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