- Fixation of wanting to use a drug, which can also be associated with negative affect 

Rutgers University

3 key drivers that underlie neurobiological changes associated with opioid dependence 

1. Drug liking
2. Withdrawal and negative affect
3. Craving and negative affect 

Cycle of Addiction

Kakko J, Alho H, Baldacchino A, Molina R, Nava FA and Shaya G
 2019) Craving in Opioid Use Disorder: From Neurobiology to Clinical Practice.Front. Psychiatry 10:592. doi: 10.3389/fpsyt.2019.00592

Craving in Opioid Use Disorder: From Neurobiology to Clinical Practice

- Due to drug intoxication
- Positive emotions, such as euphoria, are positively reinforcing and increasing drug use in the early stage of addiction 

Drug Liking 

- Associated with negative reinforcement
- Desire to consume a drug in order to improve the current emotional state and to offset the withdrawal symptoms 

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