Figure 3.15 is a dataset that illustrates the trend of annual working hours for non-agricultural workers in many countries, particularly during the twentieth century. The overall data spans from 1870 to 2017 and shows that while working hours generally decreased, significant differences exist between nations. A key feature of the figure, which is split into two charts, is the inclusion of the UK in both to serve as a benchmark for comparison between the different groups of countries. The data is sourced from Huberman and Minns (2007) and the Penn World Tables 10.0.

Annual Working Hours for Non-Agricultural Workers (1870–2017) [Figure 3.15]

The Penn World Tables is a database that furnishes international economic statistics. Version 10.0, which became available in 2021, is cited as a primary data source for constructing analyses of historical working hours, including the data presented in Figure 3.15.

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A comprehensive analysis of historical trends in work and leisure, especially regarding the income-substitution effects of wage changes, draws upon a specific group of key sources. This group includes macroeconomic datasets from the OECD on average work hours and household income, alongside detailed historical data from academic studies like Huberman and Minns (2007).

Key Sources for Historical Analysis of Work-Leisure Choices

To cite the ebook, use The CORE Econ Team 2023 The Economy 2.0: Microeconomics Open access e-text https://core-econ.org/the-economy/.

To cite a unit, use The CORE Econ Team 2023 The Economy 2.0: Microeconomics Open access e-text https://core-econ.org/the-economy/ Unit [unit number] (url).

CORE Econ - The Economy 2.0: Microeconomics

The Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development (OECD) gathers and disseminates data on the 'Average annual hours actually worked per worker,' a vital resource for comparing labor patterns across countries and over time. To ensure data versioning, economic studies using this dataset specify the access date. For instance, the cross-country work-leisure analysis presented in Figure 3.25 utilized data from this source that was accessed in June 2022.

OECD - Average Annual Hours Actually Worked per Worker

A 2007 academic paper by M. Huberman and C. Minns, titled 'The times they are not changin’: Days and hours of work in Old and New Worlds, 1870–2000', was published in the journal *Explorations in Economic History* (Volume 44, Issue 4, pages 538-567). This study serves as a significant source of historical data regarding working hours in various countries.

Huberman and Minns (2007) Study on Historical Work Hours

The Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development (OECD) offers extensive data on household disposable income, a primary measure of economic well-being and purchasing power. This dataset is a common component in economic models, with researchers citing the access date to indicate the specific version of data used. As an example, the analysis of work-leisure choices across countries in Figure 3.25 is based on this dataset as accessed in June 2022.

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