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Case Study

Diagnose the formatting errors in the student's table according to APA standards. Explain why each error violates the guidelines and justify the specific changes needed to correct them.

Case context: A student in an introductory research methods course is preparing their first manuscript. In their draft, they present a table of descriptive statistics. To make it look organized, they draw vertical lines between all columns and place horizontal lines only at the very top and very bottom. They label the data columns with headings, but leave the leftmost column blank since it just lists the group names. They name the table 'Table of Means' but do not number it because it is the only table in their draft.

Question: Diagnose the formatting errors in the student's table according to APA standards. Explain why each error violates the guidelines and justify the specific changes needed to correct them.

Sample answer: The student has made four major formatting errors under APA guidelines: (1) They included vertical lines, which APA-style tables must exclude. (2) They omitted a horizontal line beneath the column headings, which is required to separate the headings from the data. (3) They left the leftmost column heading blank, violating the rule that every column must have a heading. (4) They did not number the table sequentially, which is required (e.g., Table 1) regardless of how many tables are in the report. To fix these errors, they must remove all vertical lines, add a horizontal line below the column headings, write a heading for the leftmost column, and label the table as 'Table 1'.

Key points:

  • Identify and justify the removal of vertical lines.
  • Identify and justify adding a horizontal line below column headings.
  • Identify and justify adding a heading to the leftmost column.
  • Identify and justify adding sequential numbering to the table.

Rubric: To earn full credit, the response must identify: (1) the incorrect presence of vertical lines, (2) the missing horizontal line below column headings, (3) the missing heading for the leftmost column, and (4) the missing sequential table number. The response must explain why each violates APA style and how to correct it.

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Updated 2026-05-27

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KPU

Research Methods in Psychology - 4th American Edition @ KPU

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