An engineer is constructing a text summarization model by using a large, pre-trained language model as the encoder and a separate, newly initialized transformer as the decoder. The engineer observes that the model struggles to learn effectively. They hypothesize that the rich, complex output vectors from the pre-trained encoder are not in a format that the new decoder can easily interpret. Which of the following strategies directly addresses this specific problem by creating a bridge between the two components?

Analyzing the Utility of an Adapter Layer

Diagnosing a Sequence-to-Sequence Model Failure