Machine Learning models can be used to better understand the proteins and complexes that are incvolved with the novel Coronavirus. This includes producing predictions of pandemic regarding hospitalizations, patient outcomes, and simulations.

Machine Learning Analysis 

Key Features of Diagnostic Testing and Sampling

Specificity measures the ability for the test to produce a correct negative result for people who don't have a given condition.
ex) A test with a 80% sensitivity will return a correct positive result 85% of the time, but a a false negative 15% percent of the time.

Specificity in Testing

Sensitivity is a measure of how often a "true positive" result is produced. A test with a sensitivity of 85% will produce a "true positive" 85% and a false negative 15% of the time.

Sensitivity of Testing

Currently Used Methods for Diagnosis

Sample Collection Methods for Diagnosis

- Isothermal Nucleic Acid Amplification
- RPA
- CRISPR
- Cas13a Assay
- Next Generation Sequencing 
- Nanomaterials (nanotrap particles, etc.)
- Wondfo Qualitative Rapid Chromatographic Immunoassay (RCI)

Emerging Methods for Diagnosis of SARS-CoV-2

- A reduction of ADAMTS13 levels can potentially predict mortality risk for patients infected with SARS-CoV-2

Potential Diagnostic Methods for COVID-19 Mortality Prediction  

Weekly surveillance testing along with isolation would more effectively limit COVID-19 outbreaks than the slow and expensive (yet precise) qPCR (quantitative polymerase chain reaction) testing method that is currently employed.

Testing Strategy for Controlling COVID-19 Outbreaks

In August, the CDC officially recommended that those without COVID-19 symptoms didn't need to be tested- even if they knew they'd been exposed. This decision received a lot of backlash from public health officials pushing for more testing.  It was later revealed that that the original guidelines had been re-written by those involved with the Department of Health and Human Services and the US COVID task force.

Political Influence in CDC Virus Testing Guidelines

Biomedical engineers have put in extensive time and research in testing methods and diagnostics regarding the novel coronavirus. The test results of the population have provided mathematical models to visualize the pandemic, alternatively the private sector has produced a high-volume of nasopharyngeal, throat, and nasal test kits by bioengineering front-runners including: Abbot, Xpert, Lightmix, and Genmark.

University of California, Santa Cruz

Michigan State University

Smith College

- Bioinformatics

- Biomaterials

- Biosensors

- Biomechanical Engineering

- Biomedical Optics

- Clinical Engineering

- Genetic Engineering

- Neural Engineering

- Tissue Engineering

- Medical Devices

- Pharmaceutical Engineering

- Rehabilitation Engineering

- Diagnostics and Testing

- Prevention

- Treatment and Cure


Focuses of Biomedical engineering for COVID-19 

Allam, M., Cai, S., Ganesh, S., Venkatesan, M., Doodhwala, S., Song, Z., . . . Coskun, A. F. (2020). COVID-19 Diagnostics, Tools, and Prevention. Diagnostics, 10(6), 409. doi:10.3390/diagnostics10060409

https://www.mdpi.com/2075-4418/10/6/409

COVID-19 Diagnostics, Tools, and Prevention

Medical devices encompass essentially all health care products that do not mainly use chemical (pharmaceutical) or biological (vaccines) approaches to diagnose, monitor, and treat patients with COVID-19. Examples include medical imaging, implants, bionics/artificial organs, and biomedical sensors.

- Medical Ventilators for COVID-19

- Medical Ventilator Alternatives for COVID-19

- Biosenors for COVID-19

- Personal Protective Equipment (PPE) for COVID-19

- CT imaging for COVID-19

- Prophylactic Dressings for COVID-19

- Continuous Positive Airway Pressure (CPAP) Devices for COVID-19

Medical Devices for COVID-19

Combines computational and statistical techniques, mathematics, and engineering to analyze and interpret biological data of patients affected by COVID-19

Bioinformatics for COVID-19

Manipulates genomes of organisms, such as animal models, and the virus to develop and/or test therapeutics for COVID-19 

Genetic Engineering for COVID-19

Utilizes light to trigger biochemical reactions in order to detect and treat patients affected by COVID-19

- Photodynamic Therapy (PDT)-based Virotherapy for COVID-19

- Plasmonic Photothermal (PTT)-based Diagnosis for COVID-19

- Plasmonic Photothermal (PTT)-based Treatment for COVID-19

- Photocatalytic Process-based Treatment for COVID-19

Biomedical Optics for COVID-19

Tissue engineering aims to restore damaged tissues or organs by applying engineering and materials principles at the cellular level. It is used interchangeably with "regenerative medicine," which also focuses on providing cures, rather than treatments, for chronic damages to the body due to COVID-19

Tissue Engineering for COVID-19

Applies mechanical engineering principles to biological systems of COVID-19 patients to advance their health

Biomechanical Engineering for COVID-19

Engineers are currently synthesizing new medications to treat patients with COVID-19.

Pharmaceutical Engineering for COVID-19

Deals with the actual implementation of medical devices and reports issues, typically associated with the design of the devices, to improve their implementation

Clinical Engineering for COVID-19

Engineered materials, such as polymers and ceramics, that interact with biological systems of affected patients for medical purposes

- Nanomaterials for COVID-19

Biomaterials for COVID-19

Applies engineering techniques to repair and/or enhance neural systems damaged by COVID-19

Neural Engineering for COVID-19

Focuses on providing technical solutions to affected individuals with disabilities 

Rehabilitation Engineering for COVID-19

Diagnostics and Testing with Biomedical Engineering

Biomedical Engineering involves designing equipment to aid in the treatment of medical conditions.

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