- Paradigmatic sets: words are used to describe the same things; words used alternatively
- Syntagmatic patterns: identifying combinations of paradigmatic sets that form patterns to aid one’s understanding of a topic
- Lexical set: a group of words that refer to the same topic, either because they are synonyms or are used together for a topic

University of Michigan - Ann Arbor

Researchers studied whether the use of automatic natural language processing (NLP) on lexical and discourse/topic variations affects reading comprehension for students in grades 3-6
- RQ1: “Are there identifiable dimensions of lexical variation among these texts?”
- RQ2: “Are there identifiable dimensions of discourse-genre variation among these texts?”
- RQ3: “Thus, what are major differences among third- to sixth-grade texts (which may in turn indicate sources of reading comprehension difficulties for struggling readers)?”

Differences in text structure and its implications for assessment of struggling readers

Deane, P., Sheehan, K. M., Sabatini, J., Futagi, Y., & Kostin, I. (2006). Differences in text structure and its implications for assessment of struggling readers. Scientific Studies of Reading, 10(3), 257-275. https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1207/s1532799xssr1003_4?casa_token=k2fPLlpLmv4AAAAA:HEcsHh_7RCERWzGj6T266AcwoONplOQSnyD_TeHtmeAoj1zVYV5JZIPO3AhF5a-w4EHw2FAgXQcnew

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