Directive Leadership prioritizes the need for directions and specifying goals for the subordinates of the leader. It involves giving specific demands/instructions on how to complete a task and/or giving assignments overall. Ex: "X establishes the goals for my work" or "when it comes to work, X gives me instructions on how to carry it out"

New York University

Implementing transactional and person-based rather than aversive leadership styles is beneficial to the contributions of other non-leaders. When they feel a sense of support, connection positive encouragement from their leader, they are more likely to contribute than with negative, punishment-based leadership styles.

Encouraging Contributions in Online Communities through Leadership Type

Zhu, H., Kraut, R., & Kittur, A. (2012, February). Effectiveness of shared leadership in online communities. In Proceedings of the ACM 2012 conference on computer supported cooperative work (pp. 407-416).

Effectiveness of shared leadership in online communities

Transactional leadership involves an exchange between the leader and the subordinate. This involves giving the subordinate some sort of reward or withholding punishment to those who meet the leader's expectations. Ex: "X gives me positive feedback when I do well."

Transactional Leadership in Online Communities

Aversive leadership is when a subordinate is threatened or intimidated into completing tasks. The threat acts as a motivator to the subordinate to avoid a possible punishment, similar to positive punishment. Ex: "X lets me know when I perform poorly" or "X tries to motivate me into a task through intimidation or a threat" 

Aversive Leadership in Online Communities

Person-based leadership is based on improving the relationship between the leader and the subordinate. This can support communication and relationships within the workplace and increase group cohesion in the process. This also helps the members of the group develop self-confidence to contribute to the platform.

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