Milton D. E. (2012). On the ontological status of autism: The “double empathy problem”. Disabil. Soc. 27 883–887. 10.1080/09687599.2012.710008

Zamzoq, R. (2023, March 2). Double empathy, explained. Spectrum | Autism Research News. https://doi.org/10.53053/MMNL2849 

References for Theory of Double-Empathy

Zamzoq, R. (2023, March 2). Double empathy, explained. Spectrum | Autism Research News. https://doi.org/10.53053/MMNL2849 

References for Double-Empathy: Origins

* References for Theory of Double-Empathy
* References for Double-Empathy: Origins
* References for Double-Empathy: Research

Grinnell College

* Theory of double empathy
* Origins of term/theory
* Research
* Debate
* References

Double Empathy

The theory of double empathy (or the double empathy problem) posits that those with autism can empathize or communicate. Instead, the reason that communication between neurotypical and autistic individuals is stunted due to differences in expression of emotion and thought.

Theory of Double Empathy

Since the 1990s, activists within the autistic and wider neurodiverse community, namely Jim Sinclair, have argued that autistic communication is simply different than neurotypical communication. In 2012,  Damian Milton proposed the double-empathy problem. Milton challenges our belief that social deficits are a core component of autism, claiming that what we believe are social deficits are instead social differences.

Double-Empathy: Origins

Double-Empathy: References

* Research on autistic peer-to-peer communication 
* Research on communication between autistic and non-autistic adults

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