DRD4 variants may be associated with differences in responses to stress and trauma, including resilience or vulnerability. This association does not establish causation.

University of Minnesota

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- stress immunization
- epigenetic regulation

Individual Differences in Stress Response

-Epigenetic regulation is the process affecting the expression of a gene without affecting the makeup of the gene itself.

-Studies found that maternal deprivation in rats had long lasting effects in the expression of adrenal steroid receptors, making rats exhibit greater stress responses.

-Epigenetic regulation seen in humans: Brains of suicide victims showed epigenetic changes in adrenal steroid receptors only in the cases where the victims suffered from childhood abuse or neglect.

Epigenetic Regulation

-Stress immunization is the idea that exposure to mild stress early in life makes individuals better at handling stress later in life.

-Studies found that rats that were picked up by humans in their early life secreted lower adrenal steroid amounts in response to stressors in comparison to rats that were not picked up by humans in their early life.

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