Clark, J. M., & Paivio, A. (1991). Dual coding theory and education. Educational Psychology Review, 3(3), 149-210. https://doi.org/10.1007/bf01320076

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As advised by Piavio’s dual coding theory [clark1991dual Page164,171] in Hybrid map text summaries are represented in a pictorial node- link format which reduces verbal channel overload and enhances learning and information retention 
[kalhor2012teaching page 730].


Pictorial 2D representation of text improves comprehension (DCT)

Kalhor, M., & Shakibaei, G. (2012). Teaching reading comprehension through concept map. Life Science Journal, 9(4), 725-731.

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