In August 2014, two infected US aid workers and a Spanish priest were treated with ZMapp, an unregistered drug tested in monkeys but not in humans. While the American aid workers recovered, the priest died. The World Health Organization subsequently released a report declaring that administering this unregistered drug was ethical because Ebola is often fatal, and withholding it due to safety concerns would be unethical.

Compassionate Use of ZMapp for Ebola

The severe impact and high fatality rates of Ebola raise ethical questions regarding the use of unregistered and untested experimental drugs. These include whether it is ethical to administer them to patients, whether withholding them from dying patients is ethical, how to allocate limited supplies, and whether healthcare providers should be prioritized.

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There are currently no approved therapeutic drugs or vaccines for Ebola. Although certain medications have demonstrated efficacy in laboratory and animal models, they have not undergone safety and effectiveness testing in humans and are in extremely limited supply.

Lack of Approved Ebola Treatments and Vaccines

https://openstax.org/details/books/microbiology/

Microbiology covers the scope and sequence requirements for a single-semester microbiology course for non-majors. The book presents the core concepts of microbiology with a focus on applications for careers in allied health. The pedagogical features of the text make the material interesting and accessible while maintaining the career-application focus and scientific rigor inherent in the subject matter. Microbiology’s art program enhances students’ understanding of concepts through clear and effective illustrations, diagrams, and photographs.

Microbiology is produced through a collaborative publishing agreement between OpenStax and the American Society for Microbiology Press. The book aligns with the curriculum guidelines of the American Society for Microbiology.

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