The development of ADHD is influenced by both genetic and neurobiological factors. This condition can extend into adulthood and is frequently linked with adverse long-term outcomes.

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Attention deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) is a neurodevelopmental disorder that has two components: problems with concentration and distractibility (attention), and problems with restlessness and impulse control (hyperactivity).

Attention Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD)

Spielman, R. M., Jenkins, W. J., & Lovett, M. D. (2020, April 22). Psychology (2nd ed.). OpenStax. https://openstax.org/books/psychology-2e/pages/1-introduction

OpenStax Psychology (2nd ed.) Textbook

Inattention in children can manifest in bad time management, forgetfulness, disorganization, and task avoidance; while hyperactivity can manifest in ways such as difficulty waiting for their turns, difficulty in being still, excessive physical activities such as running and climibing. 

ADHD in Childhood

The exact causes and triggers for ADHD development are unknown, but there are some speculated risk factors. 

ADHD is NOT caused by excess sugar, poor parenting/schooling, too much TV/video games, stress, or food allergies. These things may make symptoms worse, but they are NOT causes.

Causes of ADHD

Evidence from multiple studies indicates a significant rise in parent-reported ADHD cases in the United States during the 2000s. One study revealed a 22% increase in prevalence among children aged 4-17 between 2003 and 2007, with rates climbing from 7.8% to 9.5%. Another investigation corroborated this trend, showing that for children aged 5-17, the prevalence increased from 6.9% in 1998–2000 to 9.0% in 2007–2009.

ADHD in the United States: Increase in Recent Years

- Children
- Adults
- College Students
- Parents of Children with ADHD

Experiences of ADHD by Population Group

For a significant portion of individuals, ADHD is a lifelong condition that persists into adulthood for about 60% of diagnosed children. This persistence is strongly associated with a high rate of other mental health conditions. A study revealed that nearly 81% of adults with persistent ADHD also had at least one comorbid disorder, a rate substantially higher than the 47% found in adults whose childhood ADHD did not persist.

ADHD Persistence and Comorbidity in Adulthood

Attention Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD) is defined by a persistent and pervasive pattern of inattention and/or hyperactive and impulsive behaviors that significantly disrupt normal functioning.

Characteristics of ADHD

Etiology and Prognosis of ADHD

A teacher reports that a 9-year-old student often loses assignments, has difficulty waiting for their turn in games, and frequently interrupts others. The student's parents mention similar issues at home, noting that the child struggles to complete chores without getting sidetracked and seems to be in constant motion, even during quiet activities. These patterns have been observed consistently for over a year. Analyze this scenario and explain why the combination of these behaviors, their persistence over time, and their presence across different settings are critical factors in distinguishing a potential neurodevelopmental disorder from typical childhood energy.

Analysis of Behavioral Patterns

Analyze the following teacher's report on a student's behavior. Identify the two distinct categories of challenges being described and provide specific examples from the report for each category.

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