While the results of this study were statistically significant, there were a few limitations present that may decrease its generalizability. First, the class relied heavily on memorization; all the exams were multiple choice and close-ended. Therefore, an effect this large may not be found in other class types. Second, the study only looked at two proctoring services: Software Secure or Respondus Monitor. Third, this study used a population of traditional students from a Midwestern university. Larger studies should be conducted with varying samples to better understand any potential effects of proctoring on exam scores.