Truncated Bar Graph Axis

Areas as Quantity

Aspect Line Graph Ratio

New York University

While the facts remain somewhat original, the extent to which two subjects in a piece of information differ from one another is dramatized. 

Message Level Deception Type: Exaggeration and Understatement


A. V. Pandey K. Rall M. L. Satterthwaite O. Nov and E. Bertini "How deceptive are deceptive visualizations? an empirical analysis of common distortion techniques" Proceedings of the ACM Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems pp. 1469-1478 201

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