- Figure 1A: Serum Neutralizing Antibody Titers
        - Mean serum neutralizing antibody titers were not different for those 
           given adjuvanted (alum) or non-adjuvanted for double-inactivated 
           vaccine (DIV) but were different for the recombinant DNA spike (S) 
           protein vaccine (SV).
        - Mean serum neutralizing antibody titers differed for dosage groups 
           given alum DIV, and the groups given SV with or without alum were 
           significantly different.
        - Multiple regression showed that antibody titers were increase by both 
           alum and dosage in the groups receiving DIV. Only alum increased 
           titers in those that received SV.
- Figure 1B: Lung Viral Titers
        - All vaccine groups showed lower or undetectable mean lung virus 
           titers on day two after challenge.
        - Those that received the DIV + alum yielded no virus and very little was 
           detectable without alum.
        - All groups that received SV yielded virus after challenge, and levels 
           different by group and dose. 


Serum Neutralizing Antibody Titers & Lung Viral Titer Results of SARS-CoV Vaccines

- Figure 2A: Mean Lesion Score of Vaccine Groups
        - Overall, pathological changes were observed in all vaccine groups 
           after challenge even in those will undetectable lung viral titers.
        - Those in the DIV group without alum had a higher mean lesion score 
           than those with alum at every dosage. This same observation was 
           observed in those that received the VLP vaccine.
        - DIV groups had a lower mean lesion score when compared to those in 
           the SV groups, and the those in the alum and PBS control groups. 
- Figure 2B: Mean % eosinophil
         - Overall, the mean % eosinophil was lower in the groups with vaccine 
            + alum.
         - The surprising takeaway of this figure is the difference between the 
            experimental and control groups. Each experimental group had 
            significantly higher mean % eosinophil count which indicates a T 
            helper cell type 2 hypersensitive reaction.  


Lung Histology Results of SARS-CoV Vaccines

- Serum Neutralizing Antibody Titers & Lung Viral Titer Results 
- Lung Histology Results 

University of Michigan - Ann Arbor

- Experiment 1: Comparisons of Vaccines
- Experiment 2: Assessment of higher doses of Recombinant DNA spike (S) protein vaccine (SV)
- Experiment 3: Mouse and Vaccine Specificity

Experiments Conducted in Immunization with SARS Coronavirus Vaccines Leads to Pulmonary Immunopathology on Challenge with the SARS Virus

Tseng C, Sbrana E, Iwata-Yoshikawa N et al. Immunization with SARS Coronavirus Vaccines Leads to Pulmonary Immunopathology on Challenge with the SARS Virus. PLoS ONE. 2012;7(4):e35421. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0035421

https://journals.plos.org/plosone/article?id=10.1371/journal.pone.0035421

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